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Table 5 A modified version of the conclusion to the survey of solvent selection guides [57]

From: Tools and techniques for solvent selection: green solvent selection guides

Category

Bio-based

Can be sourced renewably

Potential biomass feedstock

Not bio-based

Recommended

Ethanol (4)a

Water

1-Butanol

Ethyl acetate (2)a

1-Butyl acetate

Isopropanol (1)a

Isopropyl acetate

Anisole

Sulpholane

Inbetween recommended and problematic

 

Acetic acid (9)a

Acetone

Ethylene glycol

Methanol (3)a

Acetic anhydride

t-Butanol

Methyl acetate

MIBK

Benzyl alcohol

Cyclohexanone

MEK

Problematic

DMSO {12 %}b

2-MeTHF

  

Acetonitrile (10)a

PhCl {2 %}b

DMPU

Heptane (5)a

Methylcyclohexane

Toluene (7)a

Xylene(s)

Inbetween problematic and hazardous

 

THF (6)a

Formic acid

TBME

Cyclohexane

DCM (8)a {48 %}b

Pyridine

Hazardous

 

Triethylamine

1,4-Dioxane {0 %}b

1,2-DME {6 %}b

DMAc {12 %}b

DMF {31 %}b

Methoxyethanol

NMP {9 %}b

Diisopropyl ether {7 %}b

n-Hexane {14 %}b

Pentane

Highly hazardous

  

Diethyl ether {3 %}b

Benzene

Chloroform {2 %}b

Carbon tetrachloride

1,2-DCE {4 %}b

Nitromethane

  1. aThe ranking of the top ten solvents used by GSK in pilot plant operations in 2005 have been provided in parentheses, excluding water [7]
  2. bUsage of solvents of concern and dipolar aprotic solvents as reported in Organic Process Research and Development between 1997 and 2012, presented as the percentage of papers containing reactions performed in each solvent [8]. Data is not available for greener solvents