Table 2 Comparison of different types of biomass and pyrolysis process

Wood

Moderate temperature, short residence time vapour

Char%

Liquid%

Gas%

[4, 45–47]

12

75

13

Lignocellulosic

Fluid Bed 500°C

41,67% C 7,87% H 50,46% O

Beech

Miscanthus

43,13% C 8,14% H 0,22% N 48,51% O

Spruce

43,66% C 7,67% H

48,67% O

Fast

Beech

Circulation Fluidised

39,45% C 7,96% H 0,001% N 52,58% O

Forest residue

Bed

39,44% C 8,01% H 0,30% N 52,25% O

500°C

Pine

Ablative 480°C

41,27% C 7,79% H

0,01% N 50,93% O

Ablative 560°C

32,64% C 8,01% H

0,35% N 58,31% O

Eugenol

Non-isothermal laminar-flow

Phenol, furans, ethers, acids, single-ringaromatic

300-900°C

Atmospheric pressure

Residence times 1–3 s

Raw-straw

Fluidized Bed

C-Biooil wt%

E- Biooil wt%

Gases%

350°C

32,59

13,96

30,6

500°C

23,48

6,08

49,3

HF-straw

350°C

29,34

26,04

28,2

500°C

21,59

13,56

57,1

Slow

Spruce

Fixed Bed

22.56% C 10,8% H 0,3% N 63,34% O

[45]

500°C

Flash

Celulose, sugar cane bagasse

Fixed Bed with H₂

10-20% O

[35]

Hidropyrolysis 10 Mpa

Oil palm shell

Fluidised Bed with N₂

High fraction of phenol

Pine and spruce

550°C

Oxygenated organic compounds aldehydes, acids, ketones and metoxylated phenols

Wood

Fluidised Bed

Liquids homogeneous

400-550°C

Phenolic compounds

Free Fall

Aromatic compounds

Atmospheric pressure

700-900°C

Circulating Fluidised Bed

Non-hidrocarbons and alkanes-aromatics

Rape seed grains

Fluidised Bed,

Fatty acids

500-600°C

Wood chips and rice shell

Powder-particle; Catalitic; Fluidised Bed 427°C

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Birch bark, birch sapwood

One step and stepwise

Phenols

Vacuum 275-350°C

NE

Grape

Tubular Batch with N₂

43,21% C 5,94% H

[9, 48–50]

45,50% O 0,65% N 1,24% S

40-50°C∕min

Neem Seed

Semi-batch

38% oil, large pore size, high clorific value

400-500°C 20°C∕min

Palm seed

45,3% C, 5,6% H, 1% N,

0,8% S, 47,2% O

200-450°C

Palm leaf

49,4% C, 5,8% H, 1,3% N

1,3% S, 42,3% O

Palm leaf stem

36,1% C, 5,2% H, 0,7% N,

0,7% S, 57,2% O

Palm bituminous coal

73,1% C, 5,5% H, 1,4% N,

1,7% S, 8,7% O

Wood

400°C

Char%

Liquid%

Gases%

24,1

65,5

10,2

450°C

21,4

65,7

11,1

500°C

18,9

66

14,6

550°C

17,3

67

14,9

550°C

16,7

67,8

15,7

550°C

17,1

66,2

15,2

Esparto grass

Oxidative pyrolysis

0,50% N, 38,16% C,

inert atmosphere

25-650°C

5,40% H, 55,94% O

Straw

0,21% N, 42,93% C,

[51]

6,16% H, 50,70% O

Posidonea Oceanic seaweed

0,71% N, 34,85% C,

4,54% H, 0,62% S, 59,28% O

agricultural urban pruning waste

2,09% N, 48,06% C,

5,81% H, 44,04% O

waste of forest pruning

0,65% N, 40,12% C,

5,44% H, 53,79% O

Xylan

Steam pyrolysis; 5X10⁵ Pa

Char%

Liquid%

Gases%

[52]

703°C

29,7

53,3

16,9

873°C

22,4

53,2

24,4

Celulose

703°C

21

70,4

8,6

873°C

17,5

68,7

13,8

Lignin

703°C

55,9

40,4

3,7

873°C

48,5

40

11,5