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Table 2 Overview of studies for the uncatalysed reaction of d-fructose and inulin to HMF in water

From: Experimental and modelling studies on the uncatalysed thermal conversion of inulin to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and levulinic acid

Substrate

Substrate intake (wt%)

T (°C)

t

Yield (%)b

References

d-Fructose

4.5

175

45 min

56c

[14]

5

140

1 h

4 (mol%)

[16]

9

200

5 min

41 (mol%)

[18]

30

160a

5 min

1 (mol%)

[43]

30

190a

5 min

36 (mol%)

[43]

2

200a

5 min

13 (mol%)

[44]

30

170

3 h

43 (mol%)

[45]

0.05d

240

3 min

20c

[54]

5

125

5 min

0.8c

[56]

11

200

30 min

51c

[57]

Inulin

5

160

4 h

38c

[34]

5

180

2 h

41c

[34]

5

200

1 h

48c

[34]

  1. aHeating by microwave irradiation.
  2. bwt or mol in brackets after entries.
  3. cwt% or mol% not provided.
  4. dIn molar.