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Table 1 Overview of HMF yield data for the catalysed conversion of Inulin to HMF in water

From: Experimental and modelling studies on the uncatalysed thermal conversion of inulin to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and levulinic acid

Cinulin (wt%)

T (°C)

t

Catalyst

Catalyst loading

HMF yield (%)a

References

Water/homogeneous catalyst

 5

160

4 min

CO2

6 MPa

45b

[34]

 5

160

4 min

CO2

9 MPa

42b

[34]

 5

180

2 min

CO2

4 MPa

45b

[34]

 5

180

2 min

CO2

6 MPa

50b

[34]

 5

180

2 min

CO2

11 MPa

52b

[34]

 5

200

45 min

CO2

6 MPa

53b

[34]

 5

200

45 min

CO2

9 MPa

49b

[34]

Water/solid catalyst

 6

100

0.5 h

Cubic ZrP2O7

0.6 g

26 (wt%)

[35]

 6

100

1 h

Cubic ZrP2O7

0.6 g

35 (wt%)

[35]

 6

100

2 h

Cubic-ZrP2O7

0.6 g

36 (wt%)

[35]

 6

100

1 h

Ti(PO4)(H2PO4)·2H2O

0.6 g

41 (wt%)

[35]

 6

100

2 h

Ti(PO4)(H2PO4)·2H2O

0.6 g

65 (wt%)

[35]

 6

80

2 h

FeVOP

5 wt%

35 (mol%)

[36]

 10

155

18 min

HNb3O8

SCR = 50

43 (mol%)

[37]

 6

100

3 h

Niobium phosphate

SCR = 1.6

31 (mol%)

[38]

  1. SCR substrate to catalyst ratio.
  2. awt or mol in brackets after entries.
  3. bwt% or mol% not provided.