Table 1 Summary of catalytic results obtained in liquid phase
From: Recent developments in maleic acid synthesis from bio-based chemicals
Catalyst | Conditions | Furfural or HMF conversion | MA yield | MA selectivity | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H3PMo12O40 | 383 K, O2 20 bar, H2O + nitrobenzene | 67 (furfural) | 38 | 56 | [30] |
H3PMo12O40 | 383 K, O2 20 bar, H2O + toluene | 73 (furfural) | 37 | 50 | [30] |
H3PMo12O40 | 383 K, O2 20 bar, H2O + p-xylene | 66 (furfural) | 35 | 53 | [30] |
H3PMo12O40 | 383 K, O2 20 bar, H2O + cyclohexane | 85 (furfural) | 38 | 45 | [30] |
H3PMo12O40 | 383 K, O2 20 bar, H2O + tetradecane | 82 (furfural) | 38 | 46 | [30] |
H3PMo12O40 | 383 K, O2 20 bar, H2O | 86 (Furfural) | 38 | 44 | [30] |
VO(acac)2 | 363 K, O2 10 bar, CH3CN | 99 (HMF) | 52 | 52 | [31] |
Amberlyst 15 | 353 K, H2O2, H2O, 24 h | 99 (furfural) | 11 | 11 | [33] |
Nafion NR50 | 353 K, H2O2, H2O, 24 h | 99 (Furfural) | 11 | 11 | [33] |
Nb2O5 | 353 K, H2O2, H2O, 24 h | 99 (furfural) | 4 | 5 | [33] |
ZrO2 | 353 K, H2O2, H2O, 24 h | 99 (furfural) | 5 | 5 | [33] |
H6PV3MO9O40 | 383 K, O2 20 bar, CH3CN | 99 (furfural) | 12 | 12 | [44] |
VO(acac)2 | 363 K, O2 10 bar, DMF | 96 (HMF) | 7 | 7 | [31] |
H5PV2Mo10O40 + Pd(OAc)2 (1/1) | 383 K, O2 20 bar, CH3CN | 94 (furfural) | 14 | 15 | [44] |
VO(acac)2 | 363 K, O2 10 bar, TFT | 96 (HMF) | 7 | 7 | [31] |
VO(acac)2 | 363 K, O2 10 bar, CH2Cl2 | 99 (HMF) | 16 | 16 | [31] |
VOSO4 | 363 K, O2 10 bar, CH3CN | NC (furfural) | 34 | NC | [31] |
Co(OAc)2 | 363 K, O2 10 bar, CH3CN | NC (furfural) | 2 | NC | [31] |
Co(NO3)2 | 371 K, O2 20 bar, H2O | 69 (furfural) | 4 | 6 | [32] |
FeSO4 | 371 K, O2 20 bar, H2O | 90 (furfural) | 12 | 13 | [32] |
V2O5 | 371 K, O2 20 bar, H2O | 72 (Furfural) | 6 | 8 | [32] |
CuSO4 | 371 K, O2 20 bar, H2O | 67 (furfural) | 19 | 29 | [32] |
Cu(NO3)2 | 371 K, O2 20 bar, H2O | 86 (furfural) | 24 | 28 | [32] |
Cu(OAc)2 | 371 K, O2 20 bar, H2O | 71 (furfural) | 19 | 26 | [32] |
H3PMo12O40 + Cu(NO3)2 (2/1) | 371 K, O2 20 bar, H2O | 95 (furfural) | 49 | 52 | [32] |