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Sustainable Chemical Processes

Table 1 Reduction of nitrobenzene using different methods a

From: Nano Cu-catalyzed efficient and selective reduction of nitroarenes under combined microwave and ultrasound irradiation

Entry

Catalyst (mol%)

Method

Time

Con.b(%)

1

Cu(OAc)2 (20)

MW + US

4.5 min

97

2

Cu(OAc)2 (20)

convention heating

12 h

52

3

Cu(OAc)2 (20)

MW

30 min

83

4

Cu(OAc)2 (20)

US

3 h

48

5

metallic Cu (20)

MW + US

5 min

35

  1. aReactions were performed using nitrobenzene (1.0 mmol), hydrazine hydrate (3 mmol) and ethylene glycol (6 mL) at 120–125°C, CMUI (MW: 100 W maximum power; US: 50 W).
  2. bConversion based on GC–MS analysis.
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