Microwave energy potential for biodiesel production

Sustainable Chemical Processes

Table 4 Microwave processed biodiesel properties

Type of heating	Conditions	Energy consumption (kJ/L)	Reference
Conventional	Continuous	94.3	[206]
Microwave	Continuous, 7.2 L/min	26	[130]
Microwave	Continuous, 2 L/min (a power consumption of 1700 W and a microwave input of 1045 W)	60.3
Microwave	Continuous, 2 L/min (a power consumption of 2600 W and a microwave input of 1600 W)	92.3
Microwave	Batch, 4.6 L (a power consumption of 1300 W, a microwave input of 800 W, a time to reach 50°C of 3.5 min, and a hold time at 50°C of 1 min.)	90.1
Microwave	Supercritical, 10 ethanol/Oleic acid molar ratio, 150°C, 3.6 min	265	[67]
	Supercritical, 10 ethanol/Oleic acid molar ratio, 200°C, 5.7 min	762
	Supercritical, 10 methanol/Oleic acid molar ratio, 150°C, 3.7 min	251
	Supercritical, 20 methanol/Oleic acid molar ratio, 200°C, 3.7 min	609
	Supercritical, 10 methanol/Oleic acid molar ratio, 200°C, 5.5 min	753
	Supercritical, 5 methanol/Oleic acid molar ratio, 200°C, 5.1 min	804
Microwave	Soybean methyl ester, 80°C, 20 min, 98.64% conversion	180.42 (kJ/kg)	[106]
	Soybean ethyl ester, 80°C, 20 min, 98.32% conversion	181.01 (kJ/kg)
	Rice bran methyl ester, 80°C, 20 min, 98.82% conversion	153.26 (kJ/kg)
	Rice bran ethyl ester, 80°C, 20 min, 97.78% conversion	191.14 (kJ/kg)
Ultrasound		137.5	[206]
Ultrasound		185*	[206]