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Table 3 Fractionation approaches of lignocellulosic biomass in ILs

From: Ionic liquids as a tool for lignocellulosic biomass fractionation

Ionic liquid

Biomass

Conditions

Cellulose-rich material

Hemicellulose-rich material

Lignin-rich material

Total biomass recovery %w/w

IL recovery %w/w

Ref.

Type

H2O wt%

Type

Moisture wt%

Size mm

Load %

Time h

T °C

Antisolvent

C wt%

H wt%

L wt%

O wt%

C wt%

H wt%

L wt%

O wt%

C wt%

H wt%

L wt%

O wt%

[amim][Cl]

a

Rice hulls

b

1.168-1.651

10 (w/w)

4

90

40 mL H2O

0c

-

-

-

-

58c

-

-

-

-

-

-

23

-

[95]

[amim][Cl]

a

Rice hulls

b

1.168-1.651

10 (w/w)

8

90

40 mL H2O

2c

-

-

-

-

56c

-

-

-

-

-

-

16

-

[95]

[amim][Cl]

a

Rice hulls

b

1.168-1.651

10 (w/w)

4

110

40 mL H2O

7c

-

-

-

-

52c

-

-

-

-

-

-

13

-

[95]

[amim][Cl]

a

Rice hulls

b

1.168-1.651

10 (w/w)

8

110

40 mL H2O

33c

-

-

-

-

75c

-

-

-

-

-

-

30

-

[95]

[amim][Cl]

nd.

Extracted bamboo

d

nd.

5 (w/v)

12

100

H2Oexcess

92.02e

7.98f

-

-

8.53-42.75e

56.14-87.87f

-

-

0.12-0.49e

0.94-2.36f

-

-

40.26

-

[94]

[bmim]Cl

nd.

Sugarcane bagasse

h

40-60 mesh

2 (w/w)

4

110

acetone/H2O (9:1, v/v)

92.15e

7.26g

4.56

-

16.58e

82.44i

3.54

     

73

>95

[93]

[emim][CH3COO]

< 0.3

Corn stover

5.0

4

9.43 wt

3

140

EtOH/IL (mol/mol)

45.5j

29.9k

9.4l

15.2

12.8e

23.5m

18.8n

45.0

-

-

37.0o

63.0

82.8

89

[68]

[emim][CH3COO]

a

Rice hulls

b

1.168-1.651

10 (w/w)

4

90

40 mL H2O

-

-

-

-

-

0c

-

-

-

-

21c

-

11

-

[95]

[emim][CH3COO]

a

Rice hulls

b

1.168-1.651

10 (w/w)

8

90

40 mL H2O

-

-

-

-

-

66c

-

-

-

-

13c

-

11

-

[95]

[emim][CH3COO]

a

Rice hulls

b

1.168-1.651

10 (w/w)

4

110

40 mL H2O

-

-

-

-

-

40c

-

-

-

-

47c

-

10

-

[95]

[emim][CH3COO]

a

Rice hulls

b

1.168-1.651

10 (w/w)

8

110

40mL H2O

-

-

-

-

-

29c

-

-

-

-

100c

-

7

-

[95]

[hmim][Cl]

a

Rice hulls

b

1.168-1.651

10 (w/w)

4

90

40 mL H2O

-

-

-

-

-

0c

-

-

-

-

-

-

3

-

[95]

[hmim][Cl]

a

Rice hulls

b

1.168-1.651

10 (w/w)

8

90

40 mL H2O

-

-

-

-

-

54c

-

-

-

-

-

-

6

-

[95]

[hmim][Cl]

a

Rice hulls

b

1.168-1.651

10 (w/w)

4

110

40 mL H2O

-

-

-

-

-

63c

-

-

-

-

-

-

17

-

[95]

[hmim][Cl]

a

Rice hulls

b

1.168-1.651

10 (w/w)

8

110

40 mL H2O

-

-

-

-

-

70c

-

-

-

-

-

-

23

-

[95]

  1. C – cellulose; H – hemicellulose; L – lignin; O – others; a dried at 105°C for 24 h; b dried at 105°C oven for at least 24 h; c extraction yield; d dried for 16 h at 60°C; e glucan basis; f xylan, arabinan and galactan basis; g xylan, arabinan, mannan and galactan basis; h dried for 16 h at 55°C; i xylan, arabinan, galactan and rhamnan basis; j 87% total glucan; k 66% total xylan and arabinan; l 35% total lignin; m 14% total xylan; n 17% total lignin; o 5.9% total lignin.