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Table 2 Pre-treatment of hardwood biomass in ILs

From: Ionic liquids as a tool for lignocellulosic biomass fractionation

Ionic liquid

Biomass

Conditions

Regenerated biomass

Lignin extraction yield %

IL recover %w/w

Ref.

Type

H2O wt%

Type

Moisture wt%

Size mm

Load %

Time h

T °C

Antisolvent

Recovery (%w/w)

C wt%

H wt%

L wt%

O wt%

[amim][Cl]

a

Eucalyptus grandis

< 1

0.1-2

8 wt

5

120

H2O or MeOHexcess

96

21b

-

-

-

 

100

[56]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOc

d

Poplar

e

0.45-0.65

5 wt

3

100

H2O

-

49

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOc

d

Poplar

e

0.45-0.65

5 wt

6

100

H2O

-

48

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOc

d

Poplar

e

0.45-0.65

5 wt

15

100

H2O

-

49

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOc

d

Poplar

e

0.45-0.65

5 wt

24

100

H2O

-

47

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[bmim][CH3COO]

0.68 (w/w)

Maple wood flour

nd.

0.250

5 (w/w)

6

90

-

-

64f

57g

-

-

25

-

[58]

[bmim][CH3COO]

0.68 (w/w)

Maple wood flour

nd.

0.250

5 (w/w)

12

90

-

-

74f

65g

-

-

35

-

[58]

[bmim][CH3COO]

0.68 (w/w)

Maple wood flour

nd.

0.250

5 (w/w)

24

90

-

-

74f

64g

-

-

49

-

[58]

[bmim][CH3COO]

h

Poplar

i

~2

5 (w/w)

2

130

acetoneexcess

22.20

-

-

-

-

-

-

[32]

[bmim][CH3COO]

h

Poplar

i

~2

5 (w/w)

5

130

acetoneexcesss

38.70

-

-

-

-

-

-

[32]

[bmim][CH3COO]

h

Poplar

i

~2

5 (w/w)

12

130

acetoneexcess

85.30

-

-

25.08

-

31.90

-

[32]

[bmim][CH3COO]/H2O

10 (w/w)

Maple wood flour

nd.

0.250

5 (w/w)

12

90

-

-

48f

51g

-

-

21-24

-

[58]

[bmim][CH3COO]/H2O

~20

Willow

7.6

0.18-0.85

10 (w/v)

22

120

10 mL MeOH

71

36.3j

13.9k

19.9

0.7l

46.7

-

[53]

[bmim][Cl]

h

Poplar

i

~2

5 (w/w)

2

130

acetoneexcess

11.8

-

-

-

-

-

-

[32]

[bmim][Cl]

h

Poplar

i

~2

5 (w/w)

5

130

acetoneexcess

13.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

[32]

[bmim][Cl]

h

Poplar

i

~2

5 (w/w)

12

130

acetoneexcess

20.6

-

-

-

-

-

-

[32]

[bmim][HSO4]/H2O

~20

Willow

7.6

0.18-0.85

10 (w/v)

22

120

10 mL MeOH

48.0

39.1j

5.1k

3.6

0.5l

93.5

-

[53]

[bmim][MeOSO3]

0.02 (w/w)

Maple wood flour

nd.

0.250

5 (w/w)

12

90

-

-

1.1f

5.1g

-

-

19.0

-

[58]

[bmim][MeOSO3]/H2O

10 (w/w)

Maple wood flour

nd.

0.250

5 (w/w)

12

90

-

-

6.0f

6.0g

-

-

21-24

-

[58]

[emim][CH3COO]

nd.

Red Oak

m

0.500-1.000

5 (w/w)

16

110

100 mL acetone:H2O (1:1)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

[25]

[emim][CH3COO]

nd.

Red Oak

m

0.250-0.500

5 (w/w)

16

110

100 mL acetone:H2O (1:1)

-

-

-

15.5

-

-

-

[25]

[emim][CH3COO]

nd.

Red Oak

m

0.125-0.250

5 (w/w)

16

110

100 mL acetone:H2O (1:1)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

[25]

[emim][CH3COO]

0.09 (w/w)

Maple wood flour

nd.

0.250

5 (w/w)

6

90

-

-

59f

45g

-

-

26

-

[58]

[emim][CH3COO]

0.09 (w/w)

Maple wood flour

nd.

0.250

5 (w/w)

12

90

-

-

65f

56g

-

-

32

-

[58]

[emim][CH3COO]

0.09 (w/w)

Maple wood flour

nd.

0.250

5 (w/w)

24

90

-

-

70f

64g

-

-

37

-

[58]

[emim][CH3COO]

d

Maple wood flour

5.0

0.25

33.3 (w/w)

1

125

20 mL H2O

82.8

42.5

18.1n

25.8

-

13.5

-

[41]

[emim][CH3COO]

d

Poplar

2.4

1-2

33.3 (w/w)

1

125

20mL H2O

87.4

42.5

18.8n

28.5

-

10.1

-

[41]

[emim][CH3COO]

nd.

Poplar

nd.

20-80 mesh

5 (w/w)

12-14

50

H2O

-

3j

11n

23

-

-

-

[59]

[emim][CH3COO]

nd.

Poplar

nd.

20-80 mesh

5 (w/w)

1

120

H2O

-

29j

10n

25

-

-

-

[59]

[emim][CH3COO]/H2O

10 (w/w)

Maple wood flour

nd.

0.250

5 (w/w)

12

90

-

-

32f

32g

-

-

21-24

-

[58]

[emim][Cl]

d

Eucalyptus

10-15

2-40

5 (w/w)

1

150

5 mL H2O

-

33o

-

-

-

-

[60]

[mmim][Me2PO4]

d

Rubber wood

p

0.2

25 (w/w)

0.5

25

MeOH

-

-

-

-

-

2.34q

-

[61]

[mmim][Me2PO4]

d

Rubber wood

p

0.2

13 (w/w)

0.5

25

MeOH

-

-

-

-

-

3.37q

-

[61]

[mmim][Me2PO4]

d

Rubber wood

p

0.2

8 (w/w)

0.5

25

MeOH

-

-

-

-

-

3.87q

-

[61]

[mmim][Me2PO4]

d

Rubber wood

p

0.2

6 (w/w)

0.5

25

MeOH

-

-

-

-

-

4.02q

-

[61]

[mmim][Me2PO4]

d

Rubber wood

p

0.2

5 (w/w)

0.5

25

MeOH

-

-

-

-

-

4.27q

-

[61]

[mmim][Me2PO4]

d

Rubber wood

p

0.2

5 (w/w)

0.5

25

MeOH

-

-

-

-

-

4.27q

-

[61]

[mmim][Me2PO4]

d

Rubber wood

p

0.2

5 (w/w)

1

25

MeOH

-

-

-

-

-

4.76q

-

[61]

[mmim][Me2PO4]

d

Rubber wood

p

0.2

5 (w/w)

1.5

25

MeOH

-

-

-

-

-

5.16q

-

[61]

[mmim][Me2PO4]

d

Rubber wood

p

0.2

5 (w/w)

2

25

MeOH

-

-

-

-

-

5.68q

-

[61]

[mmim][Me2PO4]

d

Rubber wood

p

0.2

5 (w/w)

2.5

25

MeOH

-

-

-

-

-

5.71q

-

[61]

[mmim][Me2PO4]

d

Rubber wood

p

0.2

5 (w/w)

2

25

MeOH

-

-

-

-

-

5.68q

-

[61]

[mmim][Me2PO4]

d

Rubber wood

p

0.2

5 (w/w)

2

40

MeOH

-

-

-

-

-

6.36q

-

[61]

[mmim][Me2PO4]

d

Rubber wood

p

0.2

5 (w/w)

2

60

MeOH

-

-

-

-

-

11.01q

-

[61]

[mmim][Me2PO4]

d

Rubber wood

p

0.2

5 (w/w)

2

80

MeOH

-

-

-

-

-

12.50q

-

[61]

[mmim][Me2PO4]

d

Rubber wood

p

0.2

5 (w/w)

2

100

MeOH

-

-

-

-

-

13.03q

-

[61]

  1. C – cellulose; H – hemicellulose; L – lignin; O – others; a dried under vacuum at 40°C for 48 h; b glucose yield after enzymatic hydrolysis; c 16 wt% DMSO; d used as received; e dried at 105°C overnight; f glucose yield after enzymatic hydrolysis regarding the original glucan content; g xylose yield after enzymatic hydrolysis regarding the original xylan content; h vacuum dried at room temperature for 12 h; i dried at 100°C for 12 h; j glucan basis; k xylan, mannan, galactan and arabinan basis; l ash basis; m dried overnight 90°C; n xylan basis; o reducing sugar yield regarding the initial content in pre-treated biomass; p dried overnight in a vacuum oven at 100°C; q lignin yield considering the total biomass input.