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Table 1 Pre-treatment of softwood biomass in ILs

From: Ionic liquids as a tool for lignocellulosic biomass fractionation

Ionic liquid

Biomass

Conditions

Regenerated biomass

Lignin extraction yield %

IL recover %w/w

Ref.

Type

H2O wt%

Type

Moisture wt%

Size mm

Load %

Time h

T °C

Antisolvent

Recovery (%w/w)

C wt%

H wt%

L wt%

O wt%

[abim][Cl]

a

Dawn redwood

b

< 60 mesh

15 (w/w)

0.5

90

MeOH

97.2

-

-

-

-

-

97.3

[55]

[amim][Cl]

c

Southern pine

< 1

0.1-2

8 wt

5

120

H2O or MeOHexcess

99

17d

-

-

-

 

99

[56]

[amim][Cl]

c

Norway spruce TMP

< 1

0.1-2

8 wt

5

120

H2O or MeOHexcess

97

21d

-

-

-

 

98

[56]

[amim][Cl]

a

Dawn redwood

b

< 60 mesh

15 (w/w)

0.5

90

MeOH

98.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

[55]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Pine

g

0.45-0.65

5 wt

3

100

H2O

-

70

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Pine

g

0.45-0.65

5 wt

6

100

H2O

-

76

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Pine

g

0.45-0.65

5 wt

15

100

H2O

-

78

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Pine

g

0.45-0.65

5 wt

24

100

H2O

-

71

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Catalpa

g

0.45-0.65

5 wt

3

100

H2O

-

25

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Catalpa

g

0.45-0.65

5 wt

6

100

H2O

-

49

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Catalpa

g

0.45-0.65

5 wt

15

100

H2O

-

50

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Catalpa

g

0.45-0.65

5 wt

24

100

H2O

-

56

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Pine

g

0.45-0.65

5 wt

3

100

H2O

6

-

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Pine

g

0.45-0.65

5 wt

6

100

H2O

9

-

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Pine

g

0.45-0.65

5 wt

15

100

H2O

16

-

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Pine

g

0.45-0.65

5 wt

24

100

H2O

19

-

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Pine

g

0.45-0.65

5 wt

0.5

100h

H2O

6

-

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Pine

g

0.45-0.65

5 wt

1

100h

H2O

10

-

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Pine

g

0.45-0.65

5 wt

2

100h

H2O

17

-

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Pine

g

0.45-0.65

5 wt

4

100h

H2O

18

-

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Pine

g

0.45-0.65

1 wt

15

100

H2O

25

-

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Pine

g

0.45-0.65

2 wt

15

100

H2O

20

-

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Pine

g

0.45-0.65

3 wt

15

100

H2O

19

-

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Pine

g

0.45-0.65

4 wt

15

100

H2O

17

-

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Pine

g

0.45-0.65

5 wt

15

100

H2O

16

-

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Pine

g

0.45-0.65

5 wt

2

100

H2O

-

76

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Pine

g

0.45-0.65

5 wt

2

100

acetone-H2O

-

76

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Pine

g

0.45-0.65

5 wt

2

100

DMSO-H2O

-

85

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[amim][Cl]/DMSOe

f

Pine

g

0.45-0.65

5 wt

2

110h

H2O

25

-

-

-

-

-

-

[34]

[bmim][CH3COO]

f

Spruce wood

nd.

0.295-0.833

5 (w/w)

1,3,15

120

20 mL H2O

85-97

47.5i

20.4j

28.5

-

-

-

[57]

[bmim][CH3COO]

f

Spruce wood

nd.

< 20

5 (w/w)

1,3,15

120

20 mL H2O

100-93

47.5i

20.4j

28.5

-

-

-

[57]

[bmim][CH3COO]/H2O

~20

Pine sapwood

8.9

0.18-0.85

10 (w/v)

22

120

10 mL MeOH

87

40.4i

24.7j

21.1

0.6k

30.7

-

[53]

[bmim][Cl]

nd.

Southern yellow pine

l

0.25-0.50

5 (w/w)

16

110

0.1 mL acetone:H2O (1:1)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

[25]

[bmim][Cl]

nd.

Southern yellow pine

l

< 0.125

5 (w/w)

16

110

100 mL acetone:H2O (1:1)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

[25]

[bmim][HSO4]/H2O

~20

Pine sapwood

8.9

0.18-0.85

10 (w/v)

22

120

10 mL MeOH

55.0

37.9i

7.8j

8.8

0.2k

81.7

-

[53]

[emim][CH3COO]

nd.

Southern yellow pine

l

0.500-1.000

5 (w/w)

16

110

100 mL acetone:H2O (1:1)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

[25]

[emim][CH3COO]

nd.

Southern yellow pine

l

0.250-0.500

5 (w/w)

16

110

100 mL acetone:H2O (1:1)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

[25]

[emim][CH3COO]

nd.

Southern yellow pine

l

0.125-0.250

5 (w/w)

16

110

100 mL acetone:H2O (1:1)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

[25]

[emim][CH3COO]

nd.

Southern yellow pine

l

< 0.125

5 (w/w)

16

110

100 mL acetone:H2O (1:1)

52

76.5 (holocellulose)

 

23.5

-

31.4

-

[25]

[emim][CH3COO]

nd.

Southern yellow pine

l

< 0.125

8 (w/w)

16

110

100 mL acetone:H2O (1:1)

-

-

-

9.3

-

-

-

[25]

[emim][CH3COO]

e

Spruce wood

nd.

0.295-0.833

5 (w/w)

1,3,15

120

20 mL H2O

86-96

48.3i

20.4j

28.1

-

-

-

[57]

[emim][CH3COO]

e

Spruce wood

nd.

< 20

5 (w/w)

1,3,15

120

20 mL H2O

100-89

48.3i

20.4j

28.1

-

-

-

[57]

[emim][CH3COO]

nd.

Compression pine wood

air-dried

20-40 mesh

5 (w/w)

3

120

20 mL H2O

89

30.3i

20.8j

39.2

-

-

-

[30]

[emim][CH3COO]

nd.

Compression pine wood

air-dried

20-40 mesh

5 (w/w)

3

155

20 mL H2O

68

34.0i

11.4j

51.3

-

-

-

[30]

[emim][CH3COO]

nd.

Opposite pine wood

air-dried

20-40 mesh

5 (w/w)

3

120

20 mL H2O

94

42.6i

18.2j

31.1

-

-

-

[30]

[emim][CH3COO]

nd.

Opposite pine wood

air-dried

20-40 mesh

5 (w/w)

3

155

20 mL H2O

73

48.8i

11.0j

32.3

-

-

-

[30]

  1. C – cellulose; H – hemicellulose; L – lignin; O – others; a dried in vacuum for 8 h; b dried at 105°C, for 12 h; c dried under vacuum at 40°C for 48 h; d glucose yield after enzymatic hydrolysis; e 16 wt% DMSO; f used as received; g dried at 105°C overnight; h under microwave irradiation; i glucan basis; j xylan, mannan, galactan and arabinan basis; k ash basis; l dried overnight 90°C.