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Table 3 Ethyl levulinate synthesis protocols

From: Using metrics and sustainability considerations to evaluate the use of bio-based and non-renewable Brønsted acidic ionic liquids to catalyse Fischer esterification reactions

Catalyst

Molar equivalents of ethanol

Solvent

Temp./K

Yield (purity)

Ref.

[H-NMP][OCym] (25 mol%)

3 equivalents

None

293

50% (66%)

This work.

p-CSA (1 mol%)

1 equivalent

p-Cymene

323

71% (>95%)

[32]

5 (5 mol%)

30 equivalents

Aqueous ethanol

353

85% (>99%)

[49]

Sulphuric acid (2 mol%)

2 equivalents

Benzene

353

81%

[50]