Table 1 Comparison of different types of biomass and gasification process

Dual fluidized bed gasifier

Lignite

Input fuel power: 90 kW_th;

A lower amount of steam and the high catalytic activity of the lignite caused a better performance of the gasification reactor.

[17]

Particle size: 370 and 510 μm;

Steam-to-carbon ratio: 1.3 and 2.1 Kg_H2O/Kg_carbon.

The reduction of particle size increases product gas yield in +15.7%.

Waste wood; Bark; Plastic residues

Input fuel power: 100 kW; Nitrogen content: 0.05 to 2.70 wt.-%. Temperature: 850°C

The DFB gasifier is suitable for the conversion of fuels with higher loads of nitrogen.

[14]

Water: 6.1 wt.-% (waste wood); 11.9 wt.-% (Bark)

Empty fruit bunches

Moisture: more than 50 wt.%;

The gasification efficiency decreases as the moisture content increases.

[18]

A high content of moisture and oxygen resulted in a low calorific value.

Particle size: less than 1.0 mm;

Fluidized bed gasifier

Pine, maple-oak mixture, and discarded seed corn

Gasifying agent: Oxygen and steam

The gasification is most effective for feedstock with low nitrogen and moisture contents.

[2]

Temperature: 800°C.

Input fuel power: 800 kW

Supercritical water gasification

Indole

Reaction times: 3 –80 min

The yield of CH₄ increased significantly as the indole concentration increased.

[19]

Temperature: 550 and 700°C

Hydrogen and carbon gasification efficiencies exhibited values up to 79% and 20%, respectively.

Initial indole concentration: 0.2 mol/L

Pressure: 30 MPa

Glycerol

Temperature: 300 - 430°C.

The highest rate of coke formation occurred in the temperature range of 350 –370°C, and long residence times.

[20]

Residence times: 5–120 min.

Feed concentrations: 10, 20 e 30 wt.%

Pressure: 30 MPa.

Steam gasification

Sugarcane bagasse

Temperature: 800, 900 and 1000°C;

The increase in reactor temperature resulted in an increase in energy yield and apparent thermal efficiency.

[21]

Gasifying agent: 8 g/min of steam;

The enhancement in syngas quality at the 1000°C case resulted in an increase of energy yield.

Tracer gas: 2.33 g/min of nitrogen;

Sample: 15 g of sugarcane bagasse.

Biomass not specified.

Temperature: 800°C to 1200°C.

Higher gasification temperature leads to higher energy efficiencies of product gas and lower energy efficiencies of tar.

[22]

Entrained-flow gasifier

Raw bamboo; Torrefied bamboo; High-volatile bituminous coal

Gasification agent: Oxygen;

The carbon conversions of the three fuels are higher than 90%.

[23]

Sizes of the particles: 44 – 250 μm;

fuel temperature: 300 K;

Pressure: 2 Mpa.

Atmospheric pressure gasifier and the pressurized gasifier.

Forest residue

Moisture: 10 – 20%;

In comparison with fuels and chemicals from conventional feedstocks, biomass based

[24]

Feedstock size: 20 – 80 mm.

fuels and chemicals are expensive.

Fixed bed reactor

Crude glycerol with olive kernel

Temperature: 750–850°C

H₂ concentration increased from 19 to 33% (v/v) and the tar yield decreased from 19.5 to 2.4 wt% at conditions of T = 850°C and λ = 0.4.

[25]

Air ratios of λ = 0.2–0.4

Pine; Red oak; Horse manure; Cardboard

Temperature: 800°C;

The thermodynamic

[26]

Moisture: 12.2 wt.% (Pine), 14.8 wt.% (Red oak) 18.33 wt.% (Horse manure) 12.6 wt.% (Cardboard)

efficiencies for the gasifier were found in the range of 81.7–84.6%

Packed-bed reactor.

Mixture of polypropylene and poplar sawdust

Temperature: 400 to 800°C; Particle size: 2 mm (sawdust); 3 mm (polypropylene)

The increase of temperature led to the decrease of the solid residues fraction and an increase in the gas yield.

[27]

Optimum temperature: 700°C